Optical – Wireless Convergence
Introduction
Why optical – wireless
The main objective of the internet and communication networking system is to offer quality access to the information in relation to need by the individuals, location of need, and favorable formation of the information. This determines the need and preference for adoption and application of the wireless and optical technologies. Wireless and optical technologies or communication system in most cases are complementary. Optical fiber technologies have no ability to go everywhere. Despite this limitation, optical fibers have the opportunity and capacity to offer a huge amount in relation to bandwidth in areas of reach. Wireless networking systems have the ability to go everywhere with the essence of highly constrained transmission channels under the influence of several impairments.
The other need for the adoption and implementation of the optical-wireless networking system is the ability to transmit signals in increased distance. This occurs under minimal influence of the repeater like in the case of other communication systems. This occurs as the volume of the data under transmission also increases thus the opportunity to meet the increasing demands and preferences in the modern society in relation to effective communication systems. Optical-wireless systems are also immune to the influence of corrosion that affects the transmission of data. Optical-wireless also has the ability to initiate the transmission of unique services within the same line. The other advantage is the concepts of the communication system to operate in adverse environment like the case of the petro-chemical refineries.
RoF
What is it?
Radio over fiber is the act of the communication system in the adoption and application of the analogue fiber optic links to enhance the transmission and distribution of the radio signals from the relevant central location (situation of the base) to numerous remote locations with the essence of the antennas in those areas (Wake p. 2). Radio over Fiber is the essence of analog transmission in relation to the fiber technology in the presence of light amplitude modulation under the influence of the radio signal. This is transmitted over the optic fiber link with the aim of initiating or promoting wireless access or transmission of information. Despite the aspect that radio transmission in relation to numerous purposes, the term RoF is usually coined in the application of radio transmission in the context of wireless access or networking. This is one of the most emerging technologies in relation to the transmission of data because of its ability to transmit large amount of data.
Architectures
The basic or elementary system and sub-systems of the radio over fiber represent application of the bi-directional analogue fiber optic link and aspects of the laser/photodiode pair within the central site, remote site, and one or numerous crucial optical fibers facilitating linkage between the base and the remote locations during transmission of the radio signals. Figure 1 is an illustration of the subsystem of the basic radio over fiber in relation to the component parts.
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Figure 1
RF in
RF out Fiber pair
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RF out RF RF in
In numerous cases, the laser enjoys direct modulation or intensity to the input RF signal thus enabling the photodiode to employ direct detection. This aspect of connection of linkage is known as the intensity modulated direct detection. The effectiveness of the wideband in relation to performance of the intensity modulated direct detection depends on the individual component specification (Opatic p. 2). The intensity modulated direct detection represent the simplest and cost-effective link type within the technological market.
Discussion
Radio over fiber (RoF) enjoys rapid growth in the modern technological field as a useful technology relevant in the provision of the specialized coverage for the wireless communication products and services. Following its adoption in the technological market in 1990, radio over fiber has grown rapidly to represent a significant market share thus a mature technology within the communication services.
Applications of Radio over Fiver (RoF)
In-building Coverage
This is the main application of the radio over fiber in relation to the second-generation cellular radio systems. Examples of this application include corporate office building, airports, and shopping centers. The application of this type of radio over fiber is vital for the maintenance of the consumer loyalty and maximization of the revenue levels. Radio over fiber is crucial towards the application of in-built coverage because of the low incremental loss and small size of the optical fibers (Wake p. 3).
Base station hotels
This reflects a developing application of the radio over fiber transmission in relation to centralized bank of base-stations (hotel) and relevant microcell antenna sites. Microcell technology is gaining rapid growth in the modern economy because of the increase in the needs by operators to adopt more capacity in the context of the limited amount of spectrum (Gamage et al p. 2369). This application experiences numerous benefits such as low visual impact, reduction in the cost of maintenance, processing of the electronics, and dynamic capacity allocation (Wake p. 3).
Broadband wireless access
Despite the existence of numerous problems or challenges in relation to the broadband wireless, there is an indication of improvement or transformation towards efficiency of this application. Radio over fiber has the opportunity and capacity to make critical impact due to beneficial like in the previous application. Examples of the emerging technologies within this field include low cost lasers, RF over multimode fiber, electro-absorption modulator transceiver, and wavelength division multiplexing (Wake p. 4). Radio over Fiber networking technology has the ability to enhance the quality and capacity of transmission thus the opportunity to address unique demands and preferences within the modern technological market.
Optical – Wireless Access
Optical and wireless networking systems provide the opportunity to transmit information or relevant data in accordance with the needs and preferences of the technological market (Navid Ghazisaidi &Martin Maier p. 164). Optical fibers have the opportunity to offer unprecedented bandwidth potential in excess of the wireless or any other relevant transmission technique or medium. A single strand of the optical fiber has the ability to provide a total bandwidth of about 25,000 GHz thus effective in addressing the needs of the technological market or audiences (Zhensheng p. 3). Optical-Wireless networking systems have the ability to improve interaction and transmission of data from the central point to relevant sites of transmission. This is through the increase in the level of speed and volume of transmission opportunity to meet the needs and demands of the current technological field.
PONs (Passive Optical Networks)
PONs represents the essence of time-division multiplexing single-channel system that enables the optic fiber infrastructure to convey single upstream wavelength channel. This indicates the transmission from subscribers to the central site or office. Most of the passive optical networks deployments adopt the concept of the additional downstream wavelength channel in relation to the distribution of the video in accordance with the wavelength allocation. The passive optical networks have the ability to offer higher bandwidth data applications than the current solutions or options such as the digital subscribers’ line, and cable modem. This also relates the context of greater penetration of the fibers (Suman et al p. 3329). Passive Optical Networks operate towards the transmission of the optical fiber cabling and relevant signals fully or partially to the end user. The definition of the passive optical networks depends on the termination of the networking system thus the opportunity for the user to determine what type of network is applicable in his or her case. All relevant passive optical networking systems adopt and possess similar theoretical capacity in relation to the optical level. The setting of the limits in the context of the upstream and downstream bandwidth is is possible through the electrical overlay. This is under the influence of the relevant protocols applicable in the allocation and essential management of the connection or transmission aspect.
OW (Optical Wireless) Architectures
Optical-wireless networking systems exist in the form of different architectures. The most common examples of the optical wireless architectures in the modern technological field include WOBAN and Integrated Optical Wireless Access. These recent developments aim to adopt and implement the existing technologies in order to enhance performance of the next generation networking systems. Optical wireless networking systems are critical in the improvement of performance by the broadband in relation to transmission of information or data.
WOBAN-Hybrid Wireless-Optical Broadband Access Network
This proves to be an important or promising architecture for applications in the future networking systems. In the modern society, the application of the wireless type of networking system in the form of WOBAN is increasing in relation to attention and deployment, in relevant structures. This architecture is cost effective in that there is no need of penetration of the fibers in relation to each end-user thus the opportunity to minimize the cost of networking. The architecture is also essential towards the enhancement of the performance of the networking systems through the improvement of effectiveness and efficiency in the transmission of information (Suman et al p. 3332).
Integrated Optical Wireless Access
In order to enhance the ability of the technological field in the provision of the new applications and development of real broadband, it is essential to adopt the aspect of mobility and high bandwidth as the main requirements of the next generation access networks. From the economic perspective, it is ideal to adopt the concept of integration in the creation of viable business model in relation to the deployment of the recent fiber infrastructure (Wei-Tao et al p. 3445). The main objective in relation to adoption of the Optical Wireless Access is to propose and elaborate transmission system with the aim of delivering wireless services. The significance or rationale behind the adoption of integrated optical wireless access is the provision of the convergent access network with the ability to offer existing FTHH services, present WiFi/WiMax, and future wireless services. The principle in relation to the transmission of the information or data is the application of the existing 1550 nm wavelength in the process of delivering quality transmission of information and data (Carlos Bock et al p. 2).
Discussion
Optical wireless networking communication or connectivity is achievable through the application of the radiofrequency (RF) or relevant optical wireless approaches with reference to the physical level. The RF spectrum experiences congestion thus the challenge in the provision of the broadband services in the new bands (Gee-Kung Chang et al p. 3). Optical wireless networks have the capacity to offer unregulated bandwidth that can enjoy exploitation by the mobile terminals in the context of an outdoor environment. The optical transmission offers the opportunity to eliminate fading and security threats at the physical level. There is also the aspect of reusing the components of the optical fibers in other parts of the building thus the ability to illustrate the flexibility of the optical wireless networking.
The concept of the optical medium is far from the realization of the ideal. Diffuse optical wireless networking systems have the opportunity and ability to provide mobility to the users. They are also robust in relation to shadowing (Mohamed et al p. 2348). Despite this advantage, the optical medium have the tendency of suffering impairment from multipath propagation that results in the dispersion of pulse and interference of the inter symbol during transmission. Despite the extent of benefits of adoption and application of the optical wireless networking systems, there are several challenges in relation to the maximization of the opportunities. One of the critical challenges is the act of expensive components in the application of optical wireless thus proving to be a limitation to the development networking system. There is also the essence of insufficient miniaturization of the components to maximize the relevant opportunities in the context of optical wireless networking systems. There is also lack of exact manufacturing of the components thus reducing the maximization of the available opportunities of the next generation networking system. It is also ideal to adopt and develop new factories to facilitate the transmission of information or data through the optical wireless networking systems (Navid Ghazisaidi & Martin Maier p. 39).
Conclusion
The main objective or aim of an effective and efficient networking system is to offer adequate transmission of information in the form and location ideal in addressing the needs and preferences of the users. It is, therefore, crucial to adopt cost-effective and efficient networking system with the aim of addressing these needs. Optical-wireless networking systems operate towards enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency in the transmission of information and data (Gangxiang Shen et al p. 48). This is through reduction in the cost of transmission of information and data from the central site to relevant remote sites with the aim of improving the quality of interaction. Optical-wireless networking systems also have the ability to increase the speed and quantity of the information or data under transmission thus quality return on the cost of communication to the relevant users and business organizations. It is critical to identify the challenges facing optical wireless with the aim of maximizing the available opportunities hence the need to improve the cost and significance of transmission of data or information. Optical-Wireless networking systems have the ability to improve the quality of transmission of data or information thus addressing the requirements of the modern technological market. This is through enhancement of the volume and speed of transmission to offer faster and large data across the transmission medium. There is minimal interference during the transmission thus the opportunity to offer quality transmission from the central site to other sites of networking.
Works Cited
Carlos Bock et al, Integrated Optical Wireless Access: Advanced Topologies for Future Access Networks. 978-1-4244-4826-5/09/$25.00 ©2009 IEEE
Gamage et al. Digitized Radio-Over-Fiber Technologies for Converged Optical Wireless Access Network. Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 28, No. 16, August 15, 2010
Gangxiang Shen et al, Fixed Mobile Convergence Architectures for Broadband Access: Integration of EPON and WiMAX. 0163-6804/07/$20.00 © 2007 IEEE
Gee-Kung Chang et al, Super-Broadband Optical Wireless Access Technologies. 978-1-55752-855-1/08/$25.00 ©2008 IEEE
Mohamed et al, On the Vision of Complete Fixed-Mobile Convergence. Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 28, No. 16, August 15, 2010
Navid Ghazisaidi & Martin Maier Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) Access Networks:Challenges and Opportunities. 0890-8044/11/$25.00 © 2011 IEEE
Navid Ghazisaidi &Martin Maier. Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) Access Networks: A Survey 0163-6804/09/$25.00 © 2009 IEEE
Opatic D. Radio over Fiber Technology for Wireless Access. Krapinska 45, HR-10001 Zagreb
Suman et al, Hybrid Wireless-Optical Broadband Access Network (WOBAN): A Review of Relevant Challenges Journal of Light wave Technology, Vol. 25, No. 11, November 2007
Wake David. A Survey of Current and Emerging Radio-Over-Fiber Technologies for Wireless Communications Applications. 11845 Olympic Blvd. Suite 695 Los Angeles, CA. 2002. Print
Wei-Tao et al, Hybrid Architecture and Integrated Routing in a Scalable Optical–Wireless Access Network. Journal of Light wave Technology, Vol. 25, No. 11, November 2007
Zhensheng Jia. Wireless High-Definition Services over Optical Fiber Access Networks. 978-1-4244-5217-0/09/$25.00 ©2009 IEEE
