| Drug: Generic/
Trade |
Drug Classification | Route | Dosage & Frequency and Recommended Range | Summarize the therapeutic action | Common Side Effects | ||
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Morphine
|
Narcotic drug | oral, inhalation, insufflations, oral, rectal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous and intrathecal | Adult dosage
Oral offered at 5 to 30 mg after every 3 to 4 hour IM or subcutaneous offered at 2.5 to 20 mg after every 3 to 4 hours Rectal: 10 to 30 mg after every 4 hours Pediatric dose (> or equal to 4 weeks) 0.05 mg/kg offered after every 4 to 8 hours with maximum dose being 0.01 mg/kg/dose < or equal to 1 month but less than 12 years Oral offered at 0.2 to 0.5 mg/kg/dose after every 4 to 6 hours |
Morphine relieves pain through its interaction with the opioid mu-receptor. This means that it exerts its action on the central nervous system leading to analgesia and sedation. These actions enable morphine to increase an individual’s tolerance to pain while also action as discomfort reliever. However, the actions on the brain may lead to respiratory depression. | Shallow breathing, confusion, trouble swallowing, severe weakness, less urine than usual and pale skin | ||
| HYDROMORPHONE
|
Narcotic drug |
|
Adult dosage
Oral offered at 1 to 2 mg/dose after every 3 to 4 hours with usual dose being 2 to 4 mg/dose Rectal: 3 mg offered after every 4 to 8 hours Pediatric dosage Oral dose 0.03 mg/kg/dose offered after every 4 hours |
Hydromorphone helps in treating the severe pain in patients witnessing narcotic-tolerant patients. These patients usually require larger than normal doses and hydromorphone is used to provide adequate relief of pain. Hydromorphone usually works in the brain where it reduces pain. | Shallow breathing, pounding heartbeats, wheezing, chest tightness, convulsions, confusions and severe weakness | ||
| PERCOCET
|
Pain reliever | Oral | Percocet 2.5 mg/325 mg:
Adult dosage is 2 tablets after every 6 hours Percocet 5 mg/325 mg: One tablet after every 6 hours Percocet 7.5 mg/325 mg : One tablet after every 6 hours |
Its therapeutic action is similar to that of oxycodone. It works through stimulation of the opioid receptors found in the central nervous system. The oxycodone acts in decreasing discormfort within the patient through removing the pain sensation. It eliminates pain sensation through increasing the tolerance to pain. | Shallow breathing, fainting, confusion, seizure, urination problem, nausea, stomach pain at the upper side, itching, loss of appetite, dark urine and jaundice | ||
| OXYCODONE
|
Narcotic drug | Oral | For adults over 40 years
Immediate release: 5 mg to 15 mg offered orally after every 4 to 6 hours Controlled release: 10 mg orally after every 12 hours Geriatric dose Immediate release: 2.5 mg offered orally after every 6 hours Pediatric: greater than one year and weighing less than 50 kg 0.05 mg to 0.15 mg/kg/dose after every 4 to 6 hours Greater than 1 year but greater than or equal 50 kg: 5 mg offered after every 6 hours |
It works through stimulation of the opioid receptors found in the central nervous system. The oxycodone acts in decreasing discormfort within the patient through removing the pain sensation. It eliminates pain sensation through increasing the tolerance to pain. | Shallow breathing, slow heartbeat, seizure, cold, confusion, severe weakness, feeling of passing out | ||
| TYLENOL | Pain reliever | Oral | Tylenol works in reducing pain through increasing the height of pain threshold. It elevates the pain threshold thereby making a person to require an increased amount of pain in order to feel. it also reduces fever through regulating heat at the center of the brain. | Nausea, upper stomach pain, itching, loss of appetite, dark urine, clay-colored stools and jaundice | |||
| Acetaminophen
|
Pain reliever | Oral, rectal, intravenous | Adults within the range of 50 kg and over:
Takes 1000 mg after every 6 hours with a maximum daily dose of 4000 mg per day Individuals weighing under 50 kg will take 15 mg/kg after every 6 hours |
Acetominophen also have the same therapeutic action like Tylenol. It works in reducing pain through increasing the height of pain threshold. It elevates the pain threshold thereby making a person to require an increased amount of pain in order to feel. it also reduces fever through regulating heat at the center of the brain. | Nausea, upper stomach pain, itching and loss of appetite
Dark urine and jaundice |
||
|
Naloxone
|
Enoxaparin sodium or an anticoagulant
|
Subcutaneous route and the Injection route |
The dosage and recommendation of Naloxone depends on the type of disorder the patient is suffering from. For the patients undergoing abdominal surgery, the recommended dose include, Lovenox 40mg on daily basis. This also applies to patients suffering from acute illness. Solution for injection: 30 mg/0.3 ml, 60 mg/0.6 ml300 mg/3 ml (in multidose vials)80 mg/0.8 ml,40 mg/0.4 ml,100 mg/1 ml
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Clot formation and Inhibits thrombus by factor lla and blocking factor. This kind of inhibition causes the formation of antithrombin. This will require deactivation of thrombin and conversion prevention.
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Some of the common side effects of Naloxone include, difficulty breathing, swelling on different body parts including the tongue, face, lips and throat. Chest pains, severe nausea, sweating, convulsions, slow heart rate, slow breathing, agitation, confusion, weak pulse, wheezing, dry cough weaknesses, sneezing and goose bumps. |
||
| Pregabalin
|
LYRICA | Oral | 30 to 50 mg on a daily basis for patients suffering from abdominal surgery
Dosage is administered depending on the type of condition the patient is suffering from.
|
It works through various stimulations depending on the the opioid receptors | Some of the side effects of Preagabalin include, weight gain, bleeding, easy bruising, vision problems, swellings on the body, drowsiness, dizziness, lack of balance, tremors, constipation, dry mouth, memory problems | ||
| Gabapentin
|
(Neurontin) | Oral | Day one dosage 300 mg orally
300 mg orally twice daily then 300 mg orally on 3 different occasions
|
Before administering the dose, titration is needed to relieve pain |
Some of the common side effects of Gabapentin include dizziness, coordination problems, drowsiness, fever, nausea, unusual eye movements, fluid retention, accidental injury, memory loss, indigestion, back pain, nervousness, hyperactivity, bronchitis, twitching, conjunctivitis, ear infection and walking problems. | ||
| Haparin
|
Anticoagulant | Intravenous route
Subcutaneous route |
In most cases, dosage and drug administration depends with coagulation tests results.
Intravenous injections are administered after 100ml dilution of Dextrose injection. Sodium chloride 0.9% injection by intravenous infusion
|
Haparin relieves pain through opioid mu-receptor.
These actions help Haparin to increase a person’s tolerance to pain and action as discomfort reliever. |
Some of the common side effects of Haparin includes; weakness, trouble breathing, fever, chills, bluish-colored skin, mild itching on the feet, chest pains, rapid breathing, wheezing, gasping for breathing, confusion, running nose and watery eyes. |
| Warfarin
|
Coumadin, Jantoven | Oral Route | 2 mg on a daily basis then adjustment to prothrombin time (PT). Other drugs are administered depending on the type of condition. | Warfarin interacts with most drugs and a metabolism of warfarin varies between different patients.
|
The common side effects of Warfarin include; headaches, vomiting, nausea, unusual weakness, skin rashes and damages, prolonged erection, sudden weight gain, heavy menstrual bleeding, purple toes, unusual bruising and tarry stools. |
| Lovenox
|
Enoxaparin sodium | Subcutaneous
Injection |
Lovenox cannot be mixed with infusions and injections. Mixing normal saline with Lovenox and water is recommended.
30 mg on a daily for patients suffering from abdominal surgery
|
Lovenox works by binding different enzymes in an individual’s body. This prevents the formation of clots growth. | Some of the common side effects of Lovenox include; skin rashes and allergies, face, lips and tongue swellings, tarry stools, dark urine, feeling weak and faint, breathing problems, fever, heavy menstruation periods, unusual breathing. A person may also experience irritations during injection process.
|
| Fragmin | anticoagulants | Oral | 10 000 IU daily dosages for adults weighing 56 kg and below, 18000 IU for an adult weighing 99 kg and above | Enhances the inhibition of factor Xa through antithrombin, It inhibits coagulation of factor Xa. | Easy bruising, major hair loss, pain and redness at the injection site, other diverse side effects include nosebleeds, bleeding from the injected area and severe skin reactions. |
| Xarelto | Factor Xa inhibitors | Oral | 20 mg of xarelto daily for patients with CrCl over 50 Ml/ min, which is to be taken with the evening meal.
15 mg of xeralto daily for patients with CrCl 15 to 50 mL/ min |
It blocks the active site factor Xa. Activation of X to Xa plays a key role in blood coagulation. This process does not require a cofactor. | Easy bruising, heavy menstrual periods for women, dizziness and headaches, feeling of passing out, pink urine and black stool, numbness and loss of body movement, muscle pain, itching and pain in the arm. |
| Pantoprazole | Proton pump inhibitors | Oral | 40 mg for 8 weeks for patients with erosive oesophagitis, 40 mg daily dosage for 7 to 10 days for gastrosophageal reflux disease, 80 mg every 12 hours for six days, 80 mg twice daily for patients with peptic cancer. | It suppresses the final action in production of gastric acid. It occurs by the formation of a covalent bond. This leads to inhibition of basal and stimulated secretion of gastric acid. This occurs irrespective of stimulus.
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Fast uneven heart rate, jittery feeling, diarrhea, muscle cramps, limp feeling, insomnia, drowsiness, headache, memory problems, loss of appetite, stomach pains. |
| Lasix | Diuretics | Oral
Intravenous |
20 to 80 mg of lasix as a single dose, the doctor can increase the dose after 6 or 8 hours and increase it by 20 or 40 mg | It inhibits re-absorption of water in the nephron. This occurs by blocking NKCC2 in the loop of Henle. When this occurs, the lumen becomes Hypertonic, the interstitium hypotonic thus preventing re-absorption of water. | Loss of hearing, loss of appetite, weight loss, numbness, pain in the upper stomach, leg discomfort, severe skin reaction, diarrhea, dizziness and spinning sensation, shallow breathing, muscle tightness and contraction. |
| Digoxin | Cardiac glycosides | Oral
Intravenous |
125 to 375 mcg given at an interval of 6 to 8 hours, a 70 kg patient receives an 8 to 12 mcg/ kg | It inhibits Na-K-ATPase membrane pump. This results to increase in intracellular sodium. The sodium calcium extrudes the sodium and thus pumps more action. | Uneven heart rate, tarry stools, yellowed vision, hallucinations, confusion, diarrhea, loss of appetite, headache, anxiety, and mild skin rash, enlarged breasts in men. |
| Gravol | Antiemetic | Oral, Rectal | 50 mg to 100 mg taken every four hours, long acting gravol taken every 8 to 12 hours, children above 2 years should take the dose after every 6 to 8 hours. | It diminishes vestibular stimulation. This depresses labyrinthine function. The antiemetic effect involves the triggers an action of the medullary chemoreceptive zone. | Constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, lack of energy, confusion, difficulty in passing urine, blurred vision. |
|
Zofran
|
Antimetic and selective receptor antagonist | oral | 32mg | Zofran drug prevent nausea and vomiting. This effects result from the chemotherapy offered to the cancer patients. The drug curbs the serotonin enzyme that curbs the vomiting. | 1. dizziness
2. constipation 3. headaches 4. drowsiness 5. dizziness 6. Tiredness and restlessness. |
| Adalat | Calcium channel blockers. | oral | Adalat drug is taken under the doctor’s prescription. Adalat tablets do not need to break the drug since they work well if not broken. | Adalat insurance is done under strict conditions prescribed by the doctor. The time allocated by the doctor is not adjustable but strict. The drug has impacts to the person if mixed with grapefruit juice therefore the patient has to avoid the grapefruit. Overdose of the drug include vomiting dizziness and nausea. In case of an overdose, the patient is to conduct the doctor or the poison department. | Rapid heartbeats, jaundice, chest pains, headache and dizziness, insomnia, regular urination, joint pains.
|
| Ramipril | Angiotensin-converting enzyme | oral | Hypertension and Diabetes-2.5mg once a day
Heart failure-2.5mg twice a day |
This drug is taken at exact times daily to enable the patient to recall the dosage. The patient can take the drug with the broken seal through a drink. | Dizziness, jaundice, fever, vomiting, swelling of the face and fainting. |
| diltiazem | Calcium channel blockers | oral | The prescription and time allocated by the doctor is taken keenly into consideration for better treatment results. | Diltiazem drug is strong and disrupts the mental problem therefore the patient need to relax. The patient has to Grape juice or the grape fruit because they react and may worsen the patient’s condition. | Sore throat, headaches, dizziness, weak, trouble breathing and stomach upsets. |
| sennosides | laxative | oral | 12 to 50 mgs | Peristalsis. This happens after the conversion of the sennosides into active chemicals that will treat. | Nausea, inflammatory bowel diseases, fecal impaction |
| Multivitamins | oral | The patient should take seriously the doctor’s prescription. Then add one glass of water. | The milk, calcium supplements, antacids and other dairy products, should not accompany the multivitamin drugs taken into the body. The overdose of the multivitamins lead to the blood in the urine, severe back pains with pale skin. Pregnant women should not take multivitamins because they will affect the infant and the baby may turn out to be malnourished. | Stomach pains, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea and loss of appetite | |
| calcium | Calcium channel breakers. | Oral | The calcium tablets are taken into the body accompanying the food but the calcium tablets containing the calcium nitrate are taken with or without food. | The calcium tablets come in through several means such as chewable, effervescent, and liquid and the powder. If the tablet is effervescent, the patient should ensure that the drug has fully dissolved into the water before taking. If the drug is chewable, the patient should not swallow it before chewing. For effective results, the drug is taken at regular times daily to avoid forgetting the swallowing of the house. | Renal failure, chronic dialysis, constipation and gallstones |
| Benadryl | Antihistamine | Oral Route, Parental Route, Rectal Route | 12 years and older take 25 to 50mg between four up to six hours in maximum | The drug is commonly in use for treating people with allergy reactions. In the process of an allergic reaction, histamine release on the body is evident. The allergic reactions are normally available during weather changes. The histamine stimulates change. Benadryl prevents actions by acetylcholine to be in use as a sedative. The drug causes drowsiness. | The drug adds sedating effects that relate to alcohol and other drugs. |
| Slow K | Furosemide | Oral Administration | Normal adult dosage is 50 – 100 mEq within 24 hours | The drug therapeutic use is by patients with hypokalemia. The drug is helpful in to those individuals that have or lack metabolic alkalosis, those experiencing digitalis intoxication, as well as people experiencing a periodic paralysis. The paralysis, common referred to as hypokalemic familial that is intermittent. | Uneven rates of the heartbeat, leg discomfort, numbness, extreme stomach pain, and mild nausia |
| Vitamin D
|
alfacalcidol | Oral Route, Parental Route | Osteoporosis 400-1000 IU per day, flu 1200 IU daily, cancer calcium 1400-1500 mg/day vitamin D31100 IU/day | The drug is mostly in use to deal with the heart, in addition to dysfunction by certain blood vessels on the human body. Vitamin D plays a major role in the regulation of minerals that are present in the human body that include the phosphorous as well as calcium. It assists in the carrying out of other bodily functions such as enhancing the immune system, averting autoimmune diseases, and avoids the probability of getting cancer. | Constipation, poor appetite, increased thirst levels, mood alterations as well as abnormal tiredness. |
| Hydrochlorothiazide | Diuretics | Oral Route | Adult dose for edema 25 to 100 mg, hypertension 25 mg a day and maintenance dose 50 mg orally. | The drugs application is majorly on conditions such as hypertension in addition to accumulation of fluids in the body. What the drug does is to prevent salts and fluids that are likely to undergo the process of reversed absorption by the kidney. | An individual feels a heightened degree of weakness, decrease in blood pressure, impotence, as well as Rashes, and anaphylaxis. |
| Atacand | Angiotensin receptor blockers | Oral Route | 4 mg, 8 mg, 16 mg or 32 mg tablets | The drug treats high blood pressure. Angiotensin are chemicals extracted in order to attach to the receptors present in most tissues, alternatively, on smooth muscle that are available around blood vessels. The attachment process ensures contraction of muscle cells and contraction of blood vessels. The drugs role is to prevent the angiotensin receptors thus stopping their actions. | Headaches, dizziness, abdominal discomfort, fatigue, in addition to upper respiratory infections. |
| Metformin | Biguanide class | Oral Route | 500 mg two times a day or 850 mg once within 24 hours. Increased by 500 mg on a weekly basis | The drug heightens the hyperglycemia through suppression of hepatic glucose released in the body system. The major roles include the process of the abnormal rates in gluconeogenesis to an estimate of a third. | The drug results to nausea and decrease in blood sugar |
| Glyburide | Sulfonylureas | Oral Route | Starting dose of 2.5 to 5 mg daily for regular tablets and 1.5 mg to 3 mg for the micronized tablets | This is a glucose-lowering drug mostly used by patients experiencing diabetic dysfunctions. Glyburide assists in the lessening of blood glucose through the stimulation of the pancreas that is present in the human body. The drug should not be mistaken as a cure for diabetes. | Nausea, Heartburn, Rashes, decreased blood sugar, as well as poor eyesight. |
Reference
Cashen, A., Van, T. B., & Washington University (Saint Louis, Mo.). (2012). The Washington manual hematology and oncology subspecialty consult. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Hodgson, B. B., & Kizior, R. J. (2010). Saunders nursing drug handbook 2011. St. Louis, Mo: Saunders.
