Abstract
The Salmonella enterica as a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family and one of the two Salmonella species inclusive of bongori and enteric is responsible to the infections found in warm-blooded animals. With the considerable difference in prevalence, only a few of the subspecies of the bacterium is responsible for the Salmonella infections found in animals with specifications to a human being. The S.enterica ssp. Arizonae is considered as one of the less common Salmonella subspecies along with enteric, diarizonae, salamanae, indica and houtenae. Proof indicates of the host range with the various pathogenic Salmonella arizonae manifestations as defined by the genovers with specified infections features.
The paper analyses the S. Enterica ssp. arizonae features proven as difficult following the identification due to the specified distinguishing features. This is in relation to the biochemical inclusion of the ability to liquefy gelatin, utilizing malonate and the significant inability to experience growth in the KCN experience (potassium cyanide). Salmonella enterica as discussed in the paper is the facultative anaerobe with Gram-negative bacilli, non-sporing rod, and a motile of 0.7-1.5 by 2.0-5.0. The paper also features the morphological characterization with the inclusion of staining with the application of a kit supplied by the BD. This is for the Salmonella enterica strain following the standard method of the Gram staining.
Introduction
Salmonella enterica is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family and one of the two Salmonella species inclusive of bongori and enteric. The S. Enterica ssp. Arizonae that was first described by Ryerson and Caldwell in the year 1939 and named the Salmonella dar-es-saalam following its first isolation in the African city. Its reclassification followed later as S. Enterica ssp. Arizonae in the year 1983. The S.enterica ssp. Arizonae is considered as one of the less common Salmonella subspecies along with enteric, diarizonae, salamanae, indica and houtenae (Public Health Agency of Canada).
The S.enterica ssp. Arizonae as an infectious pathogen is uncommon in the younger patients and/or the patients with diseases underlying inclusive of collagen vascular diseases, organ transplantation, and malignancy and HIV infection. The infections in the long run have been under well description in the patients residing in Mexico and the southwestern part of the U.S. The patients having this infection usually connect to history following a contact with specified reptiles or have sometimes traveled abroad. The snakes appear to be the significant carriers of the bacterium. This is considerable with a 78.8% margin harboring the organism. With the aspect of keeping reptiles as pets becoming common, it is certain that the incidence with specifications to the infection of S.enterica ssp. Arizonae increment (Journal of clinical Microbiology, 2003).
The organism constitutes part of the reptile’s normal intestinal flora and can be the relative causative agent of the specified disease in, not majorly humans, but chickens, rats, turkeys, ducks and goats. The S. Enterica ssp. Arizonae has proven to be difficult following identification due to the specified distinguishing features in relation to biochemical inclusive of the ability to liquefy gelatin, utilize malonate and the significant inability to experience growth in the KCN experience (potassium cyanide). Salmonella enterica is the facultative anaerobe with Gram-negative bacilli, non-sporing rod, and a motile of 0.7-1.5 by 2.0-5.0 (Journal of Medical Case Reports, 2011).
Methods
Morphology
The morphological characterization is inclusive of staining with the application of a kit supplied by the BD. This is for the Salmonella enterica strain following the standard method of the Gram staining. The bacterium was observable with the use of the Motic DMBA 200-C Digital Laboratory Microscope with a thousand magnifications (Rhen, 2007).
The growth on differing media
For the determination of the media, that Salmonella enterica can manage to grow on, the testing was on Manitol salt, MaConkey and the TSA 5% SB (Journal of Medical Case Reports, 2011).
Effect on pH
The pH plate was applicable in the determination that the Salmonella arizonae growth is best in the pH of 5 and 7 respectively. This was to be the indication of the bacterium capability for growth with survival capability in basic and acidic environments (Journal of Medical Case Reports, 2011).
Temperature effect on the growth
For the determination of the necessary temperature for the growth of Salmonella Arizona, it was introduced to the specified two-tryptic soy broth test tubes. One of the tubes was put in incubation at 5 degrees Celsius with the other one at 37 degrees Celsius (Journal of Medical Case Reports, 2011).
Antibiotics effect on growth
The testing of the antibody effect on Salmonella arizonae necessitated the streaking of the bacteria on the Muller Hinton plate. Seven of the sampled different antibiotics were introduced into the specified culture (Journal of clinical Microbiology, 2003).
Physiology
The biochemical activity included of the sugars fermentation, activity of the enzymes and the mobility. The tests carried out included the application of Dextrose Broth and the Lactose Broth. The other biochemical tests were inclusive of the citrate utilization with the use of Simmons citrate slant, unease of production with the use of protein degradation, urea sugar and the relative production of the hydrogen supplied with the use of kliger iron, the SIM and the iron agar slant (Moat et al, 2002).
Results
Morphology
The salmonella arizonae surfaced at the Germ negative, rod shaped, and cylindrical bacterium.
The growth on differing media
Type of Media Results
Manitol Salt Growth, survives in 7.5% salt, no Manitol fermentation
TSA with 5% SB No growth, Beta hemolysis
MaConkey Growth, color is red, fermenting lactose +
Effect of the pH
The growth of the Salmonella arizonae was possible in the pH of 5 and 7 environments respectively.
pH Results
7 Active
5 Active
4 Minimal
Effects of temperature
Temperature Results
5 Degrees Celsius
37 degrees Celsius (+ + +)
Effects of antibiotics on the growth
Type of Antibiotic Results
C30 Sensitive
VA30 Resistant
E15 Resistant
AM10 Resistant
S50 Sensitive
P10 Resistant
TE30 Sensitive
Physiology
Test Result
Hydrogen Sulfide +
Indol +
Motility +
Urea tube (-) Fermentation
KIA PD
Citrate (green media) +
Lactose (-) Fermentation
Dextrose A
Key
F Fermentation
G Gas Production
PD Protein Degradation
A Acidic Fermentation
Discussion
Morphology
The salmonella is a Gram-negative bacillus with a facultative anaerobe. The Gram negative majorly constitutes of 15% of the peptidoglycan or less. It is a non-spring, motile, cylindrical rod of approximately 0.5 microns by 2 microns. Majority of the Salmonella strains is motile and flagella on the entire surface. The cell walls of the bacteria have fragmentation with the substance majorly referred to as the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The LPS is considerable as present following the cell break down (Journal of clinical Microbiology, 2003).
The growth on differing media
The salmonella arizonae managed to grow on the Manitol salty environment with a survival rate of 7.5. The significant reason behind the bacterium significant survival is due to the lower salt concentration outside the cell with a resultant creation of the hypotonic environment. This was an indication that there was a higher water concentration outside cell compared to the concentration inside. The water, therefore, was active in the diffusion of the cell. There was no considerable fermentation of the Manitol (Journal of Medical Case Reports, 2011).
The TSA constituting of 5% plate was the generalized differential media aspect allowing the growth of the specified every single pathogen. The 5% of the TSA plate was the distinguishing factor amid the hemolytic involved. The Beta hemolysis constitutes the entire hemoglobin breakdown with Alpha hemolysis as the partial hemoglobin breakdown. The Salmonella arizonae falls under the Beta hemolysis. The selective differential media are the MaConkey. On the specified plate, the growth of the Salmonella arizonae took place. Therefore, it is considerable as the Gram-negative bacterium. Following the turning of the plate to red, it is conclusive as the fermenting lactose + (Journal of Medical Case Reports, 2011).
The effect on the pH
The Salmonella arizonae growth is best in the pH of 5 and 7 respectively. This is an indication of the bacterium capability to grow and manages to survive in basic and acidic environments. A few of the salmonella arizonae are capable of growing under ideal conditions with an optimum of 6.5-7.5 pH range. Although, the growth of the organism under the specified acidic conditions is not possible, the organism has the capability of surviving in acidic environments for some time. The survival time has a dependency on the type of the present acid with considerable pH ranges (Journal of Medical Case Reports, 2011).
Temperature effect
There was no growth at the temperature of up to 5 degrees Celsius. This was not the considerable optimal temperature for the bacterium. This resulted to the indication that the respective enzymes experienced denature. At the temperature of 37 degrees Celsius, the growth was promising. This was an indication of the temperature as the major considered as favorable for the growth of the Salmonella arizonae. The bacterium growth in temperatures below the 10 degrees Celsius is universally unaccepted. Although the growth rate of the bacterium is minimal at refrigeration temperatures, the survival ability for an extended period at the specified chilled temperatures is possible with specifications to the freezing conditions. The bacterium has a higher water activity that enables it survive at differing given temperatures (Public Health Agency of Canada).
Antibiotics effects
The antibiotic is a toxin type. Specified microorganisms majorly produce them for the purposes of killing or inhibiting bacteria. Antibiotics are in two principal types inclusive of bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics. The bactericidal antibiotics aim at killing the specified bacteria and its most application are against the Gram-positive bacteria. The bacteriostatic antibiotics are capable of inhibiting growth hence do not kill. It is applicable against the Gram-negative bacteria or as a result of reckoning of the causative agent. Salmonella arizonae showed resistance to the E15, VA30, P10 and AM10. This formulates the meaning that the Salmonella arizonae had sensitivity to the C30, TE30 and S50. This is an indication that the arizonae was unable to show growth in the presence of the specified antibiotics (Public Health Agency of Canada).
Physiology
It is indicative as proven that the Salmonella arizonae is not capable of fermenting Lactose but is relatively positive for the acidic Dextrose fermentation. This is an indication that the specified bacterium can only manage to apply sugar Dextrose during energy production. The Salmonella arizonae is considerable as positive during motility, for Hydrogen Sulfide, for indol and the Citrate respectively. The KIA indicates of protein degradation with relatively negative results for the Urea (Moat et al, 2002). The act of fermentation of Lactose is possible following the other biochemical tests inclusive of the citrate utilization. This is with the use of Simmons citrate slant, unease of production with the use of protein degradation, urea sugar and the relative production of the hydrogen supplied with the use of kliger iron, the SIM and the iron agar slant (Moat et al, 2002).
References
Journal of clinical Microbiology. December, 2003.
Journal of Medical Case Reports-Salmonella enterica ssp. Arizonae. July, 2011.
Moat, A. G., Foster, J. W., & Spector, M. P. (2002). Microbial Physiology, Fourth Edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Public Health Agency of Canada. Salmonella enteric ssp. Pathogen Safety Data Sheet- infectious Substances
Rhen, M. (2007). Salmonella: Molecular biology and pathogenesis. Wymondham: Horizon Bioscience.
Www.asm.com-applied and environment Biology, October 2008.
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