Discuss how the lungs and body are affected by COPD. COPD is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Discuss the changes from normal
respiratory physiology that characterize COPD. You should discuss the effect of too much CO2 in
the blood. You may wish to discuss the respiratory membrane and how gas exchange occurs across it. You could discuss the causes, management, prognosis and how respirometry is used in its diagnosis. (Do not merely describe the anatomy of the respiratory system in the manner found in your textbook).
All essays must:
1. Be about 1400 words in length (not counting ref list and citations) AND be double-lined spaced and word-processed.
2. Use a variety of published textboooks such as: Anatomy and Physiology; Physiology; Pathophysiology; Physical
science texts, Medical texts, and Journal articles. Be referenced using the Author-Date (ie the Harvard) System.
3. Show evidence of careful library
research from published sources
(DO NOT cite WIKIPEDIA, about.com etc.
or personal/commercial/institutional WEB PAGES – e-copies of articles from published journals or books ARE
allowed, but don’t give the web address or “viewed on” date).
Don’t cite your lecture handouts or dictionaries!
4. QUOTATION AND PARAPHRASING
Quotations are almost never used in science essays! If they are, quotations should only be used where there is something very special about the expression used in the quoted passage which would be lost if it was expressed differently. The essay should then go on to explain the significance of the expression used.
Paraphrasing WILL be necessary but this must involve the expression of ideas in your own words and not just a
modification of a set of words already used by someone else.
5. Your assignment MUST
have the following sub-headings within the text:
Introduction: (your essay will not cover everything) This will introduce the content of the essay topic by giving some relevant background and explicitly tell the marker what theme or approach to the topic the essay will follow, what will & will not be discussed. It will not restate the question.
Descriptive subheadings between the introduction and summary, there should be several that are pertinent to the
content of your essay
Summary: A brief summary of the major points that you have made in the essay. New material should not be
introduced in the conclusion.
References:(not a bibliography!): ……in the Harvard style = author, year of pub, title,(then for books: publisher, city – or for journals:
journal title, vol(issue) pages).
In order to be judged satisfactory your essay must
AT LEAST:
1. Be substantially free of spelling errors, serious grammatical errors and examples of incomplete or awkwardly
expressed sentences.
2. Be divided into appropriate subheadings, and references for content appropriately cited often enough.
3. Show mastery of the content that has been discussed.
4. Demonstrate that you are able to use the Harvard system
correctly (cite author, year, use page numbers for citing
books in essay – but not in reference list)
