Review of Literature
Aiken, L. H. (2001). More Nurses, Better Patient Outcomes: Why Isn’t It Obvious? American
College of Physicians–American Society of Internal Medicine , 223–225.
In this article, Aiken talks about the importance of having many nurses in hospitals. The article highlights the view that the state governments must take drastic measures to ensure they employ more qualified nurses to improve patient outcomes. However, a large number of nurses does not lead to obvious positive results in line with patient outcomes. The article utilizes questionnaires in its research where several patients from hospitals with large numbers of nurses are treated. This is to ensure that first hand information is gathered effectively. It utilizes about 200 patients. This is advantageous because it ensures that adequate information is gathered. However, the use of questionnaires may limit the accuracy of the information presented by the patients. The outcomes indicated that the presence of more nurses does not directly transform to better patient outcomes. This article is important to the nursing practice in the sense that it will facilitate the recruitment of highly qualified nurses in different hospitals.
Carryer, J., & Budge, C. (2010). Calculating Outcomes Potentially Sensitive to Nursing. Report
for the Ministry of Health , 1-12.
This article investigates some of the outcomes that are sensitive to nurses. Some outcomes such as quick recovery and effective care depend on the qualification and the values of nurses. The article utilized interviews in its data collection. The use of interviews is advantageous as it helped in faster collection of data from the affected individuals. However, the use of interviews was disadvantageous in the sense that it could easily foster false responses from patients who were interviewed. The results indicated that most patients are always motivated by caring nurses and tend to recover faster in cases where they get enough support. This article is important in the nursing practice as it can play a crucial role in the proper training of nurses.
Cook, A., Gaynor, M., Stephens, M., & Taylor, L. (2012). The Effect of a Hospital Nurse
Staffing Mandate on Patient Health Outcomes: Evidence from California’s Minimum Staffing Regulation. The Center for Market and Public Organization , 1-24.
In the article, Cook, Gaynor, Stephens, and Taylor talk about the effect of staffing on patient outcomes. The article utilizes the case of California to explain the importance of regular staffing in improving patient outcomes. Staffing will entail bringing new experience and knowledge to the hospital. In discussing this, the article is based on a study that involved a survey on about 10 hospitals in the State of California. The survey was advantageous for its wider coverage and easier collection of results. Nevertheless, the survey was disadvantageous because it entails enormous costs and time. The results indicated that continuous recruitment and staffing can improve patient outcomes because of the innovation and wider skills that are brought into the organization. With this, the article is important in the nursing practice as it can assist hospitals improve their identification of the best sources of labor and the qualities to check out in the recruitment process.
Levin, R. F., Fineout-Overholt, E., Melnyk, B. M., Barnes, M., & Vetter, M. J. (2011). Fostering
Evidence-Based Practice to Improve Nurse and Cost Outcomes in a Community Health Setting. Wolters Kluwer Health , 21–33.
This article highlights the importance of evidence-based practice in improving the nursing practice and reducing the effective costs involved in nursing. Evidence-based practice is the practical part of the collected evidence. It emphasizes the view that evidence must be effectively analyzes and incorporated into the nursing practice. The research utilized comparative studies in analyzing the significance of evidence-based practice on nursing. Comparative studies are crucial in justifying the accuracy of the results collected. However, it may lead to the choice of wrong approaches in the research process. The results of this study indicated that evidence-based practice will automatically improve nursing and patient outcomes in cases where it is applied to the hospital scenario. The article is important in the nursing practice as it will bring in new items that will improve the entire practice of nursing.
Maziah, M. A., Wachaikum O., & Nantsupawat, R. (2012). Nursing Practice Environment and
Patient Outcomes in University Hospitals in Malaysia. Health and the Environment Journal, , 16-26.
This article talks about the effect of the nursing environment on patient outcomes. Nursing environment is determined by the nature of the environment in which these individuals work and their remuneration. The environment is also determined by any other favors offered in the nursing environment. The researchers utilized about 500 nurses from hospitals across different states to investigate their working environments and the patient outcomes. Again, interviews were utilized as they are advantageous in ensuring that first hand and more reliable data is collected. However, they may be disadvantageous because some of the information presented may be misleading. The results indicated that the nurses’ working environment has a direct relation to patient outcomes. This is important in the nursing practice because it facilitates the acquisition of a better environment for better outcomes.
Martin, J. S., Ummenhofer, W., Manser, T., & Spirig, R. (2010). Interprofessional Collaboration
Among Nurses and Physicians: Making a Difference In Patient Outcome. Swiss Medical Weekly , 1-11.
This article emphasizes the importance of collaboration between nurses and physicians in hospital to improve patient outcomes. Nurses and physicians need to complement each other as they work toward the recovery of their patients. They must collaborate to make a difference in patient outcomes. The article conducted a research on about six hospitals using the survey method. This method of data collection is advantageous because of the reliability in the data collected and may exhibit weaknesses in the accuracy of the data collected. The results indicated that better working relations between nurses and physicians ensures better patient outcomes. This article can be effective in ensuring that the nursing practice is improved through collaboration between nurses and physicians.
McCauley, K., Brixby, B., & Naylor, M. D. (2006). Advanced Practice Nurse Strategies to
Improve Outcomes and Reduce Cost in Elders with Heart Failure. Disease Management , 302-310.
In this article, advanced practice nursing strategies to improve outcomes and reduce costs in the nursing practice. According to the article, it is important to embraced advanced nursing for reduced costs and better patient outcomes. The article entailed the use of questionnaires where about 10o nurses answered questions concerning advanced nursing and patient outcomes. This method of data collection is advantageous for its assurance of wide data collection. However, it is disadvantageous because of the limiting answers it may present concerning a particular study. According to the results, advanced nursing practices can turn around the nursing experience and lead to better patient outcomes. The article can be effectively applied in the nursing practice by improving the practice of nursing.
Mundinger, M. O., Kane, R. L., & Lenz, E. R. (2000). Primary Care Outcomesin Patients
Treated by Nurse Practitioners or Physicians: A Randomized Trial. JAMA , 1-4.
This article conducted a study on the nature of patient outcomes realized among patients treated either by nurses or practitioners. The care giver does not matter as patient outcomes depend on the quality of the services offered. This study was conducted among 200 patients where half were treated by nurses and the other half by physicians. Interviews were utilized in the research hence ensuring that maximum results were collected. As noted earlier, interviews give reliable answers but they can be manipulated in some instances hence leading to unreliable answers. The collected results indicated that there is no difference in patient outcomes. The article is applicable to the nursing practice as it can help in encouraging effective care in the nursing environment.
Newhouse, R. P. (2009). Advanced Practice Nurse Outcomes 1990-2008: A Systematic Review.
CNE Series , 1-21.
Newhouse studied advanced practice and the improvement of patient outcomes. It is important to improve the training of nurses to achieve the best results possible and improved patient outcomes. The research also utilized the survey method of data collection hence ensuring that wide more information was gathered effectively. The survey is however disadvantageous because of the limited research information that can be collected. The results indicated that advanced nursing can improve nursing practices greatly. This article is applicable in the nursing practice in the sense that it ensures that the appropriate training skills are passed on to nurses for effective patient outcomes.
O’Grady, E. T. (2005). Advanced Practice Registered Nurses: The Impact on Patient Safety and
Quality. Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses , 1-20.
O’Grady also studied advance practice and the improvement of patient outcomes. It is important to improve the training of nurses to achieve the best results possible and improved patient outcomes. In this study, O’Grady collected information through interviews from about 100 qualified nurses. The method is crucial for its reliability and the measurement of the accuracy of the presented answers. However, it may be difficult to collect information in instances where there is a large number of patients. The results indicated that advanced nursing can improve nursing practices greatly. This article is applicable in the nursing practice in the sense that it ensures that the appropriate training skills are passed on to nurses for effective patient outcomes and overall safety.
Purdy, N. M. (2010). Effects of Work Environments on Nursing and Patient Outcomes. The
University of Western Ontario , 1-201.
This article talks about the relationship between the nursing environment and patient outcomes. The nursing environment is influenced by the nature of the environment in which these individuals work and their remuneration. The environment is also determined by any other benefits. The author utilized about 300 nurses from hospitals across different states to investigate their working environments and the patient outcomes. Interviews were utilized as they are advantageous in ensuring that first hand and more reliable data is collected. However, they may be disadvantageous because some of the information presented may be misleading. The results indicated that the nurses’ working environment has a direct relation to patient outcomes. This is important in the nursing practice because it facilitates the acquisition of a better environment for better outcomes.
Shang, J., Friese, C. R., Wu, E., & Aiken, L. H. (2012). Nursing Practice Environment and
Outcomes for Oncology Nursing. Health 1 , 1-7.
According to this article, the nursing environment is crucial in affecting the patient outcomes in hospitals around the globe. Notably, the nursing environment is influenced by the nature of the environment in which these individuals work and their remuneration. The environment is also determined by any other benefits. About 200 nurses were interviewed for this research. Interviews were utilized as they are advantageous in ensuring that first hand and more reliable data is collected. However, they may be disadvantageous because some of the information presented may be misleading. The results indicated that the nurses’ working environment has a direct relation to patient outcomes. This study is applicable in the field of nursing because of its emphasis on oncology and the importance of improving the nursing environment in the field.
Siela, D. (2010). Relationships between Nurse Staffing and Patient Outcome Variables. Ball
State University , 1-54.
This article talks about the relationship between staffing and patient outcomes.. Staffing involves the number of nurses recruited per year bringing new experience and knowledge to the hospital. In discussing this, the article is based on a study that involved a survey on about 6 hospitals. The survey was advantageous for its wider coverage and easier collection of results. However, the survey was disadvantageous because it entails enormous costs and time. The results indicated that continuous recruitment and staffing can improve patient outcomes because of the innovation and wider skills that are brought into the organization. With this, the article is important in the nursing practice as it can assist hospitals improve their identification of the best sources of labor and the qualities to check out in the recruitment process.
T, R., L, K., EL, J., A, M., H, G., J, W., et al. (2010). Clinical Pathways: Effects on Professional
Practise, Patient Outcomes, Length of Stay and Hospital Costs. The Cochrane Collaboration , 1-163.
The researchers studied professional pathways in facilitating the improvement of patient outcomes. The researchers noted that it is important to improve the training of nurses to achieve the best results possible and improved patient outcomes. The research also utilized questionnaires in data collection hence ensuring that wide more information was gathered effectively. The questionnaire method of data collection is however disadvantageous because of the limited research information that can be collected. The results indicated that advanced nursing can improve nursing practices greatly. This article is applicable in the nursing practice in the sense that it ensures that the appropriate training skills are passed on to nurses for effective patient outcomes.
Zitella, L. J., Hauser, J., & Woolery, M. (2006). Putting Evidence Into Practice: Prevention and
Infection. Feature Article , 739-750.
This article involved the study of the importance of evidence-based practice in improving the nursing practice and reducing the effective costs involved in nursing. Evidence-based practice is the practical part of the collected evidence. It asserts that evidence-based practice must be effectively analyzes and incorporated into the nursing practice. The research utilized comparative studies in analyzing the significance of evidence-based practice on nursing. Comparative studies are crucial in justifying the accuracy of the results collected. However, it may lead to the choice of wrong approaches in the research process. The results of this study indicated that evidence-based practice will automatically improve nursing and patient outcomes in cases where it is applied to the hospital scenario. The article is important in the nursing practice as it will bring in new items that will improve the entire practice of nursing.
References
Aiken, L. H. (2001). More Nurses, Better Patient Outcomes: Why Isn’t It Obvious? American
College of Physicians–American Society of Internal Medicine , 223–225.
Carryer, J., & Budge, C. (2010). Calculating Outcomes Potentially Sensitive to Nursing. Report
for the Ministry of Health , 1-12.
Cook, A., Gaynor, M., Stephens, M., & Taylor, L. (2012). The Effect of a Hospital Nurse
Staffing Mandate on Patient Health Outcomes: Evidence from California’s Minimum Staffing Regulation. The Center for Market and Public Organization , 1-24.
Levin, R. F., Fineout-Overholt, E., Melnyk, B. M., Barnes, M., & Vetter, M. J. (2011). Fostering
Evidence-Based Practice to Improve Nurse and Cost Outcomes in a Community Health Setting. Wolters Kluwer Health , 21–33.
Martin, J. S., Ummenhofer, W., Manser, T., & Spirig, R. (2010). Interprofessional Collaboration
Among Nurses and Physicians: Making a Difference In Patient Outcome. Swiss Medical Weekly , 1-11.
Maziah, M. A., Wachaikum O., & Nantsupawat, R. (2012). Nursing Practice Environment and
Patient Outcomes in University Hospitals in Malaysia. Health and the Environment Journal, , 16-26.

McCauley, K., Brixby, B., & Naylor, M. D. (2006). Advanced Practice Nurse Strategies to
Improve Outcomes and Reduce Cost in Elders with Heart Failure. Disease Management , 302-310.
Mundinger, M. O., Kane, R. L., & Lenz, E. R. (2000). Primary Care Outcomesin Patients
Treated by Nurse Practitioners or Physicians: A Randomized Trial. JAMA , 1-4.
Newhouse, R. P. (2009). Advanced Practice Nurse Outcomes 1990-2008: A Systematic Review.
CNE Series , 1-21.
O’Grady, E. T. (2005). Advanced Practice Registered Nurses: The Impact on Patient Safety and
Quality. Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses , 1-20.
Purdy, N. M. (2010). Effects of Work Environments on Nursing and Patient Outcomes. The
University of Western Ontario , 1-201.
Shang, J., Friese, C. R., Wu, E., & Aiken, L. H. (2012). Nursing Practice Environment and
Outcomes for Oncology Nursing. Health 1 , 1-7.
Siela, D. (2010). Relationships between Nurse Staffing and Patient Outcome Variables. Ball
State University , 1-54.
T, R., L, K., EL, J., A, M., H, G., J, W., et al. (2010). Clinical Pathways: Effects on Professional
Practise, Patient Outcomes, Length of Stay and Hospital Costs. The Cochrane Collaboration , 1-163.
Zitella, L. J., Hauser, J., & Woolery, M. (2006). Putting Evidence Into Practice: Prevention and
Infection. Feature Article , 739-750.