I am a student a student in hospitality management school, and I have to do my dissertation, I am a non-native english, therefore the english should not be perfect.
I have already done the introduction, rational, aim &objectives, literature review (incomplete) and the methodology (incomplete)
This what I wrote for introduction + Aim and objectives:
1. Introduction:
1.1 Theorical Background
Due to its historical past, China has started only at the end of the 1970’s to open its border to international travellers. Therefore, the needs of Hotels with international standards appeared directly, and its expansion was very fast due to the important demand and visitor’s flux coming from all around the world (Pine, 2002).
From 1986 to 1991, Chinese Government invested more than RMB 6 billion in the Hotel’s industry, and allowed the entry of foreign-owned hotel companies that resulted in the emergence of 2 354 hotels’ openings in 1992 (Pine, 2002).
The outcomes of this demand were that international customer’s expectations were not matched or sufficient and that service quality was defined as very weak, due to the lack of understanding of standards from locals workers (Tsang & Qu, 2000). Therefore, lack of communications and trainings pushed China to start looking for qualified employees providing high standards (Rice, 2011). China reinforced service quality management by adapting themselves to international standards (Tsang & Qu, 2000).
China’s hotel industry needed a western organizational model to perform in a diverse cultural environment. But also because a multicultural staff is more adapted to receive a worldwide guest mix. The local employee will take advantage to learn from the behavioural example of expatriate employee (Littrell, 2002).
However, a multicultural environment is usually associated with some socio-cultural adjustment (French, 2010). Communication skills, integration, manager’s acceptance, differences in culture and beliefs are part of the daily issues encountered within the Hospitality Industry.
Indeed, to improve the relationship between European managers and local workers, this study will further explore and analyse the factors that could contribute to an effective leadership.
To do so, the Hofstede’s cultural dimension theory will be used and will allow to highlight the cultural differences between Europe and China (Brooks, 2009)
Moreover, Europeans managers are playing a key role in the development and the organizational behaviour into China’s luxury hotels. Their knowledge and expertise considerably influence the service quality, by training the local staff, toward a western culture, in order to match foreign guest expectations.
By analysing the evolution of China over the last 40 years, it is very clear that its expansion has been one of the fastest, and will still continue to grow in the coming years. Some mega-events such as the Olympics in Beijing in 2008 and the World Expo, held in Shanghai, in 2010, has allowed the city to receive 73 million tourists in a short amount of time (L. Li, Ching‐Yick Tse, & Xie, 2007). This type of events, has actively participated in the development of many infrastructures, notably within the hospitality industry. Therefore, it could be seen that leading International hotel chains such a Starwood, Ritz-Carlton, and Hilton have considerably expanded their properties all over China (Serlen, 2005). Indeed, Shanghai, Beijing and Hong-Kong were not anymore the only cities affected by this expansion as new emergent cities such as Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Nanjing have welcomed global chains, and subsequently many foreign managers (Serlen, 2005). According to the World Trade Organization estimations, China is projected to become the first destination for tourists by 2020, and will host approximately 130 million of inbound tourists annually (L. Li et al., 2007).
Therefore, the effects of hospitality globalization, and more specifically the westernization will also be approached, taking into account the risks and limitations that this process can have over the hosting country and its expatriates, in terms of rivalry, lost of culture and broad acceptance.
1.2 Rationale
China’s open door policy, in the 1970’s, has resulted in a massive foreign direct investment destination. International hotel chains have rapidly implanted their properties, in order to meet the new demand (S. Li & Nesbit, 2012). According to Tsang & Qu (2000), it has been explored that the services standards and quality within China’s hotel industry were considered as poor in comparison to international standards.
Therefore, an important amount of European managers started to develop a western influence culture, in a completely diverse environment.
However, many gaps appeared in the relationship between European managers and local workers. Indeed, the interpersonal relationships in a multi-cultural workplace, are generally characterised as source of conflicts, often resulting in high turnover rate (Zhang & Huang, 2013). Moreover, cross-cultural organization is one of the main issues faced by managers and international firms (J Selmer, 2001).
Indeed, cross-cultural influence is directly linked and influenced by the type of leadership practiced within an organization. Different studies analysed the attributes of the Asian and Western leadership, which tends to converge toward a similar concept (King & Wei, 2014).
The difficulty for expatriate managers is to adapt their leadership style according to the culture of the hosting country and further be able to establish trust among its public, colleagues and followers (Lee, Veasna, & Wu, 2013).
Therefore, the researcher will investigate the most suitable leadership style and traits that a European manager could lead in China.
The study aims to research about the possible improvement, concerning the interactions between European managers and Chinese employees, by analysing the impact of a multiculturalism workplace, but also to research the different criteria of an effective leadership.
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to illustrate the integration of a new cultural influence in a completely diverse environment, and to observe the differences between Europe and China in term of culture, leadership traits and behaviours.
2. Aim and objectives:
2.1 Aim
This research paper aims to analyse how Europeans managers in China’s luxury Hotel industry, could possibly participate in the success of a cross-cultural environment, through an effective leadership.
2.2 Objectives
• To examine the impact of the cross-cultural relationship between European managers within China’s hospitality industry.
• To determine an effective leadership model and characteristic traits that offer a successful relationship with Europeans in China resulting in efficient performances.
• To evaluate the risks and limitations in the westernization process, in terms of culture lost, rivalry and tension.
FEEL FREE TO SLIGHTLY MODIFY THE AIM AND OBJECTIVES:
My real objective is to analyse the relationship between European managers in China’s hotel industry and their relationship with local employees.
Therefore I would like to analyze the cross cultural differences and impact, and relate it to a cross-cultural leadership model.
KEYWORD: societal-cultural impact, cross-cultural environment, trans-cultural leadership, transformational leadership
I would like you to do my literature review, which will be the structure and the foundation of my dissertation.
Moreover my research will be qualitative based on approximately 10 interviews I will conduct to european managers working in china.
This are the general guidelines:
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Your aim and objectives established in the previous chapter are a starting point and a foundation for Literature Review. This section should include a wide variety of current academic literature which examines academic concepts, models, and theories that are related to your topic. It is important to ensure that there is a clear link between your aim and objectives and your literature review, and that all your claims and assertions are acknowledged in the APA referencing style. Please be aware of the following points:
• Quotations after quotations?
Your literature review cannot be made up mostly with various quotations from different articles. Quotations with proper references might be technically ok. However, quotations after quotations would not be accepted as relevant literature review because it indicates that you have not acquired necessary in-depth knowledge on the research topic. A critical literature review is required, which demonstrates your independent critical thinking competence upon reviewing existing knowledge base and comparing different perspectives already outlined in the literature.
• Minimalist?
Quoting more than one whole paragraph from the same literature is not acceptable. This again indicates that you are not able to conduct a critical review of literature existing. Direct quotations should be limited to the most essential terms (i.e. no more than one sentence or two lines of text). You need to be really prudent with direct quotations in your literature review.
Consider carefully the scope of the literature you wish to research. Use library databases and textbooks to get an overview of the topic and to clarify the terminology. Especially, if some specific terms can be understood in many different ways, you are required to clearly define these terms for your own research.
Your literature review will need to be updated at intervals throughout your research and particularly before you write up the final dissertation to ensure that you keep track of what is happening in your research area.
Having done your initial literature review, knowing the background of your chosen area of study, you are ready to finalise the precise nature of your investigation and then more specific questions or hypotheses may be developed to meet your aims and objectives. This is useful to you as your work progresses and will also be used as an indicator as to whether you achieve what you set out to do. There is no right answer to a dissertation, but those that do not show critical evaluation and analysis throughout the work, that is congruent with the aims and objectives, will be scored much lower than those that do.
Literature review should not be limited to a mere description or a summary of existing literature. Your literature review needs to incorporate relevant debates and controversies and furthermore, to integrate a critical appraisal on existing literature.
Last but not the least, the literature review synthesis is required. The synthesis is to bring all your literature review together in a context of developing main concepts to be tested. If your research is carried out with quantitative data analysis, the literature review synthesis provides a good basic framework for hypotheses. Meanwhile, if your research is carried out with qualitative data analysis, the literature review synthesis provides a good basic framework for key research questions to be investigated.
