Cardiovascular Alterations and Anaphylactic Shock
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis
The patient is connected to a monitor (cardiac, NIBP cuff and pulse oximetry) where his chest pain is assessed on a scale as well as the type of pain (burning, or pressure), the activities undertaken when the pain started, and its duration and if anything improves it or makes it worse. He is placed on oxygen using the nasal cannula at 2 to 4 L/pm an about 2 patents IVs. One has to acquire 12-lead EKG and the NTG drip is initiated. Records are hence taken on the pain rating, infusion rate of NTG and length of pain. The patient should be at a quiet environment (Wilbert et al, 2013). If the patient has shortness of breath in addition to the chest pain, this would mean a changing MI. Later an analysis of the patient’s pain rating and if the IV NTG helps.
Treatment
The treatment of cardiovascular alteration starts with what one takes in (weight reduction if one is above the normal weight; a reduction of sodium and below 1 oz of alcohol per day) as well as exercise. The long-term advantages of therapy for the elderly has shown that for thiazide diuretics (chlorthalidone 12.5-25 mg per day and hydrochlorothiazide 25mg per day) in addition to beta blockers (atenolol 50mg daily an metoprolol 50 mg per day). Recommendation is placed on thiazide diuretics and beta blockers for people with this disease. There has similarly been mortality advantages as based on alpha-methyl-dopamine and reserpine though not as common due to the side effects associated with it.
When it comes to lowering the pressure of the blood, the use of calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and blockers are considered more effective and prove beneficial to patients with other diseases (Acton, 2013). In addition, beta blockers are useful in the post-myocardial infarction stage as it does not have any side effects on the quality of life.
How Genetics Affects Diagnosis and Treatment
Evidence shows that estrogen cardioprotective in young women. Basically, women who are about to reach menopause have had a decline in risks of cardiovascular disease when compared to men. Though, the advantages of hormonal change therapy are bound to be controversial. Moreover, women with hysterectomy have the ability to use estrogen supplements, while women with intact uterus have to take estrogen and protegestrone so as to lower the threat of endometrial cancer.
Research has shown that the combination of hormone replacement and estrogen replacement in the process of treatment can elevate the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and a decline in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, however, HDL was impacted to some extent in the combination of estrogen and progesterone people. It is noted that this combination can limit atherosclerotic plaques if taken much earlier after deprivation of estrogen deficit (Shawna et al, 2005). Though issues may arise if taken much latter in menopause. Moreover, ERT and HHRT are of great benefit in the reduction of plasma markers of inflammation.
Those women in the post menopause stage, the use of ERT and HRT can limit left ventricular thickness. This may lead to a mediation using estrogen-induced rise in atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). The combination can reduce serum ACE and blood pressure.
There are however a downside, the use of ERT and HRT may lead to endothelial dysfunction and a rise in vasoconstriction. The process rises the vasodilation though a combination may attenuate estrogen-based improvements. Moreover, women in their post-menopause are bound to be faced by breast cancer.
References
Acton, A (2013). Cardiovascular Diseases: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2013 Edition. Georgia: ScholarlyEditions.
- Shawna et al (2005). Cardiovascular Alteration and Treatment of Hypertension. Endocrine, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 199–207.
S. Wilbert et al (2013). Tresch and Aronow’s Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly, Fifth Edition. New York: CRC Press.
