Bernard, Snipes, and Gerould. (2010). “Chapter 9: Learning theories.” In Vold’s Theoretical Criminology (6th Edition). Oxford University Press.
You will complete the Week 4 Theory Outline for this reading.
Reading 2
Bernard, Snipes, and Gerould. (2010). “Chapter 11: The meaning of crime.” In Vold’s Theoretical Criminology (6th Edition). Oxford University Press.
You will complete the Week 4 Theory Outline for this reading.
Reading 3
Haynie, Dana L. and D. Wayne Osgood. (2005). “Reconsidering peers and delinquency: How do peers matter?” Social Forces. 84:1109-1130.
1. What is the goal of this article?
2. How do the authors define the “normative influence of socialization by peers”?
3. How do they define the “socialization ecological approach”?
4. What has long been described as the key causal process in linking peers to delinquency?
5. The authors address the difficulty with measuring normative influence. The state, “Assessing interpersonal influence is complex because similarity between friends could result from with either normative influence or social selection.” List two of the studies they list that provide evidence for either normative influence, social selection or both. State which side these studies supported and what they found.
6. Looking at the opportunity perspective, “peer relations are not connected to delinquency by the type of friends that one chooses. Instead what matters is the ___________ __ ______ spent with peers engaged in a common type of activity that is not inherently deviant.”
7. How does Gold (1970) explain delinquency?
8. List the primary hypothesis for the socialization theory?
9. List the primary hypothesis for the opportunity theory?
10. What are the variables in this study and how are they measured?
11. What were the major findings in this article? Did the authors find support for the socialization theory or the opportunity theory or both?
Reading 4
Bernburg, Jon Gunnar and Marvin D. Krohn. 2003. “Labeling, life chances, and adult crime: The direct and indirect effects of official intervention in adolescence on crime in early adulthood.” Criminology. 41:1287‐1318.
1. What is meant by a developmental theory of social disadvantage?
2. To break it down, the answer to the above question points to what variable as the main correlate with subsequent delinquency?
3. This question is a continuation of questions 1 and 2. Based on your answer to questions 2, what is the independent variable in this study? (Note: The independent variable in a study is the variable that is said to affect the outcome (e.g., criminal behavior). The outcome is also known as the dependent variable).
4. After reading the section in the article, “Deviant Labeling and Structured Opportunities”, explain how labeling has an effect on deviant/criminal behavior.
5. What are some other factors affected by official intervention?
6. How do the authors define official intervention?
7. What do they mean by structural location?
8. What are some of the problems with prior research assessing labeling theory?
9. List at least 2 of the prior studies examined in this article and their major finding(s).
10. List the variables used in the present study and how they are measured.
11. What are the major finding of this study? Did the authors find support for their assertions regarding official intervention?
NOTE: I need 2 pages for each topic and need for the writer to secure listed reading. Please do not bid unless you have the readings.
