Implementation
1. In the perfect world, there is a symbiotic relationship between the policy maker and the agent of implementation. Describe that relationship at its best, and at its worst.
One of the aspects that depict the relationship between the policy maker and the agent of implementation at its best is when both of them are able to follow and comply with a number of set rules. This means that both of the policy maker and the agent are supposed to adhere with the set strategy concerning their operations. When both of them comply with the recommended requirements, the relationship is termed to be at its best (Fratianni, Salvatore & Hagen, 1997). Some of the set rules that the policy makers are supposed to follow include the fact that they should specify the correct type of information in order to form the expected rational expectations. When a policy maker tends to be committed to a certain policy rule, all the agents include the rule in their information. This means that they always comply with the set requirements and form the recommended expectations accordingly. On this case, the gents believe that the policy maker cannot deviate from the policy (Fratianni, Salvatore & Hagen, 1997). When the relationship is in such a situation that both the policy maker and the agent of implementation can be able to trust one another, it is believed be at its best. In most cases, the policy makers try their best to entail that they pursue discretionary and they are time consistent especially when making the policy. This means that they address various issues that comply with the requirements of the agents (Fratianni, Salvatore & Hagen, 1997).
However, the relationship seems to be at its worst when both the policy maker and the agent of implementation fail to trust each other. For example, such a situation occurs when a policy maker cannot manage to make a credible and reliable policy commitment. This means that the agent cannot be able to incorporate any policy rule. One of the main reasons for the agent fail to incorporate the policy rule is the fact that the he/she might argue the policy is not credible. Moreover, the relationship can fail to be a healthy one especially when the policy makers fail to address the needs and requirements of the agent of implementation (Moore, 1995).
2. Expound upon this quote: “Policy implementation is hypothesis testing: it is exploration.” (Be sure and address the role of evaluation in your answer.)
According to the quote is true to say that it is very difficult for an explorer to predict what will be discovered. This is because every voyage tends to be different in every operation that would be addressed in the particular moment. If an organization or political body may argue opposite of the quote, it means that it is omniscient and omnipotent. However, this cannot be impossible because there is no single plan that can be ethically or practically error free. Moreover, most of the plans tend to have various political errors (Moore, 1995).
The quote also indicates there is no amount of statutory that manages to prevent an implementation process from becoming a test of its own efficacy. This means that in case where there is implementation failure, it affects various systems including the one that are democratically organized. The other significant t issue is that the implementation failure tends to be common to all the policy formulating and implementing processes. Any organization that would like to learn and avoid any failure of implementation process ought to enhance successful exploration. This means that the organization ought to utilize the implementation failure as a route to implementation success (Moore, 1995). However, an organization should not try to design various detailed problem-solving policies. Moreover, an organization should avoid various unquestioning an inquiry of which in some cases tends to damage its reputation. Another issue is the fact that an organization ought to evaluate its implementation policies but should not do this against its outlined objectives alone (Moore, 1995).
One of the significant issues to note is that the implementation process is not the final stage in the policymaking process. The other process that tends to follow is assessing the policy after a certain period. This means that it is important to check whether the policy is being enacted as it was recommended. The other issue is that there is a significant need to have the required resources and means to maintain the policy in order for it to be successful. The concept of evaluation is the main theme in the maintenance process. Even though evaluation tends to be difficult to most of the mangers in various organizations, it is the best issue that they are supposed to consider in order to make sure the policy is being successfully implemented. Evaluation therefore tends to be incentive to various problems that might occur during the process of transforming policy makers. Evaluation ought to be a process enacted often within an organization order to make sure that the policies that have been set are implemented successfully (Moore, 1995).
3. One of the goals of an organization that hopes to succeed in being adept at implementing new programs is the movement to becoming a “learning organization.” Describe the attributes of a “learning organization,” and how they impact the implementation process.
A learning organization has various attributes that assist in making sure that everything goes well as required. One of these attributes is empowerment. Through empowerment, an organization gives its employees a chance to become part of it. This means that employees fell that they are in the right place through the concept of empowerment. One of the most significant attribute of empowerment is the fact that it is an aspect that gives employees responsibility and authority to conduct various decisions related to the emerging issues in the organization. This translates to the fact that employees play a crucial role in the implementation process. Employees can manage to use their power and authority to adhere with the new policies in an organization. Moreover, through empowerment, employees are able to receive more education and training is necessary regarding to any of the new policies. This means that employees influence the implementation process through the aspect of implementation.
The other significant issue associated with implementation is the fact that employees participate in the implementation process in creating their own ideas. This means that employees can be able to decide on what are the best ways to speed up the implementation process. Moreover, the concept of empowerment increases the level of employees contribution to various issues discussed in the policy. Another more significant issue related to the concept of empowerment is the fact that employees or members of an organization become more satisfied with the policy. This means that employees feel that they are more comfortable associated with the policy and they are not forced to comply with the issues employed in it.
The other main attribute of learning organization is culture. The culture of an organization plays a crucial role in supporting various systems in an organization. Some of the systems supported by the attribute of culture include learning, change and improvement. Organizations may have different cultures that tend to influence the way various things are done in the organizations. For example, an organization may have authoritarian culture. This means that the organization tends to have most of its issues being done according to the will and need of the top officials. The people in the top authority controls how various things are done in the organization where they fail to give most of the people with the recommendable knowledge to run the various issues accordingly. However, other types of organizations have shared culture in the fact that they manage to give people with the required and appropriate knowledge to run various issues in the organization. On this case, the top officials in an organization give employees the opportunity to work on various issues that they feel to be the best to address. Shared authority means giving power to the people who are close to the action in order to accomplish the required objectives.
4. Getting agencies and departments to work towards a common goal is an integral part of the implementation process. Discuss the concept of collaboration.
Collaboration entails getting different agencies and departments to work together in an organization with the aim of achieving a common goal. This means that organizations try all what they can to make sure that they employ the concept of collaboration in order to make sure that everything goes well as intended. Some of the various ways that most of the organizations try to employ in order to enhance the concept of collaboration include cross-unit incentive systems. This strategy entails understanding all the agencies and departments of an organization and then identifies what are the most significant issues that can assist them in giving the organization the best results. For example, an organization may decide to various officials within departments to close boundaries when they need to do so in order to provide help to any area that might seems not to perform accordingly.
The method that most of the organizations tend to use in trying to enhance the concept of collaboration is organization structuring. This concept involves various issues and activities that play a crucial role in making sure that the organization achieves the best at the end of its financial year. Structuring of an organization entails various activities such as the task allocation and coordination. Another activity employed in organization structuring is supervision. All these activities are employed with the aim of making sure that various operations in an organization move as expected.
The other main method that most of the organization employs when tying to enhance the concept of collaboration is team work training. This means that all the employees get the chance of training together rather than individually. One of the advantages of employing this method is the fact that all members of an organization manage to create a strong relationship among one another. Most of the reliable and good teams within an organization tend to go beyond training together. This means that they also work together after getting in the training together.
5. Skilled leadership is an integral part of any organization that wishes to be effective at implementing policy. Discuss the role of the leader – using Follett’s theories (Power, Conflict, etc.), and Moore’s (Re-engineering, the Strategic Triangle, etc.)
In order for an organization to achieve and accomplish all its targeted objectives, there is a need to have a reliable and right leadership. This means that an organization ought to have the right mechanism when trying to address various issues and operations that takes place on daily basis. In order to have the right mechanism there is a need to consider and give various issues the first priority. One of the most significant issues to consider is having an appropriate leadership. On this case, leadership entails enacting various operations that tend correspond with the needs of all stakeholders (Taylor & Balloch, 2005).
According to Follett’s theory, leadership entails employing the best skills in matters that relates to conflict resolution. This means that leaders ought to solve various conflicts especially through integration. This means that leaders have the obligation of identifying all the problems that might be affecting each party within an organization. After identifying all the problems, leaders ought to develop the best strategies that might assist the organization to overcome all the problems (Taylor & Balloch, 2005). However, the theory argues or presents the fact that leaders should not attempt to employ their desire when trying to solve various problematic issues within an organization. This means that they leaders ought to give other stakeholders a chance to present their opinions regarding what should be done and how it should be done. The other issue to address concerning Follett’s theory ion matters relating to leadership is the fact that leaders ought to understand that genuine power is not coercive. This means that leaders should not enact their power over others within the organization. However, leaders are entitled to enact their power with other within an organization. Another significant issue to address in relation to Follett’s theory is the fact that true leaders have the ability to create group power. This means that leaders are not supposed to express personal power within an organization (Taylor & Balloch, 2005).
The other person who managed to establish a reliable theory that is most used in enhancing reliable leadership with most of the organizations is Mark Moore. On his theory, Moore indicated that leaders ought to have the ability of determining which jobs should be given the first priority within an organization and who is supposed to accomplish them. For example, on his strategic triangle theory Moore illustrated that there is a significant need for leaders to provide legitimacy and support to all stakeholders within an organization (Taylor & Balloch, 2005). This means that leaders have the obligation of making sure that every employee and members of the organization achieve all the necessary resources in order they can be able to enact their obligations accordingly. Another significant obligation that leaders ought to employ according to Moore is enhancing value performance among all members of the organization. This means that leaders have an obligation of making sure that all employees address the recommended issues in order to give the targeted results (Taylor & Balloch, 2005).
6. You’ve been asked to prepare a short presentation on the concept of Public Value for some of your fellow administrators in your office. Share it with me.
Professor Mark Moore is the person behind the concept of public value. This concept entails that there is a need for people who would like to share and provide leadership within the public sector to get the recommended inspiration. This was the main reason that contributed to the development of the concept of public value. One of the main issues that can help someone to understand the concept of public value is first identifying the challenges associated with recognizing this concept (Taylor & Balloch, 2005).
One of the main challenges of identifying this concept is the fact that leaders tend to start recognizing a particular event when they manage to realize they share a common notion with the public. This means that most of the leaders and people in the society tend to recognize various significant issues when they see them. However, when they are not in a position to see these issues, they cannot manage to recognize them or even remember them. Moreover, this challenge translates to the fact that recognizing public value seems to be a process (Fratianni, Salvatore & Hagen, 1997). This process entails that the community comes to understand some of the most important issues and valuables that an organization gives the first priority. If such a view exists, the concept of public value entails that an organization can manage to take advantage of the shared understanding of the public value with the rest of the community.
The other challenge or idea that helps in identifying the public value tends to be more technical. This idea relates to the field of financial accounting. According to this concept, leaders tend to comply with the administration system. This means that leaders or managers recognize expenditures within organization’s assets. Another significant issue related to the concept of public value is that all organizations that need to employ the concept of public value ought to include corporate culture in their operations this means that all employees and members should be awarded for the roles they play within the organization (Fratianni, Salvatore & Hagen, 1997).
References
Fratianni, M., Salvatore, D., & Hagen, J. . (1997). Macroeconomic policy in open economies. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
Moore, M. H. (1995). Creating public value: Strategic management in government. London: Harvard University Press.
Taylor, D., & Balloch, S. (2005). The politics of evaluation: Participation and policy implementation. Bristol: Policy.
